What are TCP/IP and the Internet?

Introduction:

More and more people use the Internet, and many for the first time, using the tools and utilities only a limited number of computer systems (and only for the really intense user!) is available on. In a sign of this growth has been the amount of Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and the Internet, books, articles, courses, and even TV shows have become available in the last few years; there are so many publishers are reluctant to authorize more because bookstores have reached their shelf space this book! This memo provides a broad overview of the Internet and TCP/IP, focuses on the history, terminology and concepts. It means as a guide and a starting point for a short, refers to a number of other sources for more detailed information.

The Evolution of TCP/IP:

Although recognized today by the Internet network, it is fundamentally changing the social, political and economic structures, and excludes the many aspects of geographic boundaries, this potential is only forecast to achieve back nearly 40 years. In a series of memos dating back to August 1962, MIT J.C.R.Licklider discusses networking allows him to enable the "Galactic network" and how social interaction. Internet offers this national and global infrastructures and, in fact, Interplanetary Internet communications have already talked.

Prior to the 1960 's, small computer communications consisting of simple text and binary data, by the most common network technology for a day; nearly 100 years in the circuit-switched telephone network technology. Because most of the data flow is the sudden nature of (that is, most of the transmission occurred during a very short period of time), the results of the circuit-switched network resources utilization efficiency is very low.

Basic technique known as packet switching of Internet, data, all components of the network (that is, hosts and switches) are operational independence, thus eliminating single points of failure. In addition, the network communication resources seem to be committed to individual consumers, but the fact is that statistical tasks and maximum size of the transport entities leads to a fast, economical networks.

In 1960, the packet exchange ready to be discovered. In 1961, the Massachusetts Institute of technology published Leonard Kleinrock on packet switching theory (and in 1964 the first book on the subject) the first gear. In 1962, RAND Paul · Baran referred to in a report of robust, efficient data store-and-forward network for the United States air force. At about the same time, Donald · Davies and Roger Scantlebury recommended work at the national physical laboratory (NPL) in the United Kingdom from a similar study at the Massachusetts Institute of technology (1961-1967), Nantes (1962-1965) and NPL (1964-1967) independent, leading researchers, not all meet together until the 1967 United States Association for computing machinery (ACM) Conference Association. The term datagram is from bad loans.

Modern Internet started for the United States Department of Defense (DoD) funded experiment to interconnect at the United States Department of Defense-funded research sites 1967 ACM conferences are also in the initial design called ARPANET--named for the Defense Advanced research projects Agency (ARPA)-by Larry · Roberts was first published. In December 1968, ARPA contract awards Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) design and deployment of a packet-switched network in the context of the line speed of 50 Kbps. In September 1969, the years at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), the nodes at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in three months, campus in Santa Barbara (UCSB), the University of California and the University of Utah first node ARPA NET was installed. In 1969, before the end of a four-node, ARPA Network across the United States mainland in 1971 and by 1973 had connections to Europe.

Original ARPANET to the new number of packet-switched protocols have given their lives. ARPANET development was one of the most durable of a user network protocol has become a packet-switched network; standard interface with users, ITU-t (formerly CCITT) Recommendation X.25. The "standard" interface encourages BBN launch remote, a commercial packet-switched data services, 1974; remote multiple named later became part of Sprint's X.25 service.

NSFNET was originally composed of 56 Kbps link and the full upgrade to a T1 (1.544 Mbps) link in 1989. Move to "professional management" network is made up by the advantages of (regional networks, headquartered in the United States the University of Michigan, Michigan State), IBM and MCI Consortium supervision. Advanced network and services, Inc. (ANS), formed by IBM and MCI, a non-profit corporation responsible for managing NSFNET and overseeing the transition to T3 NSFNET backbone (44.736 Mbps) end of 1991 prices. During this period of time, during which NSF has funded a number of regional Internet service provider (Isp) provides local connection point for educational institutions and NSF-funded site.

In 1993, the United States National Science Foundation decided it didn't want to do business, operation and funding of the network, but would like to go back to the super computer and communication research in the area of funding. In addition, there is increased pressure, commercialization of the Internet in 1989, trial gateway connection MCI, CompuServe and the Internet mail service, while business users will now find all used to belong to core academic and related to the user's Internet features! In 1991, the commercial Internet Exchange (CIX) Association was established by the United States of General Atomics, performance systems international (PSI) and the commercial Internet backbone UUNET technologies to promote and provide services. However, still there from non--NSF stress from the Isp to open all users on the network.